The representation
of gender politics in 1990s African-American cinema has been hugely influenced
by Hip Hop culture in many ways. S.
Craig Watkins (1998) argues the producers of rap music have attempted to bring
up to date the representations of poor, black youth and ‘filmmakers have
likewise waged a similar struggle’ (Watkins, 1998, p.198). With reference to Boyz N the Hood (Singleton, 1992, USA) and
male rap, and Set It Off (Grey, 1997,
USA) and female
and male rap, my argument is that Hip Hop has had a generally negative effect
on gender politics in these films. However
I will also argue that this is a result of commercial pressures on black
filmmakers and that nevertheless, some male and female rappers often influence
the gender politics of these films in positive ways.
Hip Hop culture
has most directly influenced the soundtrack and stars of African-American
cinema in the 1990s. Gender politics
play a large part in the lyrics and construction of stars in Hip Hop music, and
therefore play a large part in how they are represented in film. Set it
Off features Hip Hop star Queen Latifah, who ‘positions herself as part of
a rich legacy of black women’s activism’ (Rose, 1994, p.162), as a lesbian bank
robber. She is represented as being
angry with black females, particularly in the scenes where she argues with her
friends over their complacency at the unfair situation they are in. This representation of black females as
active and independent, yet trapped, is influenced by Latifah’s own music. For example her song ‘Set It Off’, for the soundtrack of the film includes lyrics like
‘nothing to lose…back to the wall…situations I been in, got me capable of
sinning’.
Equally the
casting of rappers Ice Cube in Boyz N the
Hood and Dr Dre in Set it Off show
the clear influence of Hip Hop on these films’ gender politics. Dr Dre’s character is the provider of guns
which indicates his power over the community and fits with his star
persona. The women in Set It Off need his help, even Latifah,
who is clearly independent and submissive to no man, must ask for his
help. Much like female rap stars, the
female characters in the film require support from, and therefore are dominated
by rap star Dre. Ice Cube in Boyz N the Hood clearly represents the
misogyny that is obvious in much of his music, his lyrics suggesting ‘that state
authority figures and black women are similarly responsible for black male
disempowerment and oppression’ (Rose, 1994, p.149) and whose influence on the
narrative and themes is therefore clear.
Throughout the film his character puts women down, no doubt due to the welfare
mothers he encounters, represented as lazy, drug addicted, uncaring single
parents that need a man in their lives.
However Ice Cube
and Hip Hop did not begin the trend of misogyny in some black music. Ward (1998) notes that towards the end of the
of the black power era, artists such as Clarence Reid who previously showed
sensitivity and insight on issues of gender politics, had turned to X-rated
comedy music that could be seen as ‘helping to perpetuate or legitimise
destructive sexist attitudes within their communities’ (Ward, 1998,
p.380). The reason for the
representation of women in Hip Hop and African-American cinema is clear from
Ward’s next line, ‘What mattered was this stuff sold’ (Ward, 1998, p.380).
Also Hip Hop has
had a huge influence on the narratives and themes of the ghetto action film
cycle and therefore on the representation of gender politics within these
narratives. Watkins argues ‘the
representation of the urban ghetto as a site of repression and entrapment’ (Watkins,
1998, p.212) is a recurring theme in these films. In Set
it Off this is applied to black females who are repressed by white men and
black men and trapped by poverty. The
representation of gender politics and the influence of female rap are clear from
the first scenes of the film. Frankie is
fired from her job at the bank for knowing a bank robber, indicating her
repression by black men (the robber) and white men (the bank manager and
detective). The following scenes with
Luther, the other women’s boss, indicate the female characters’ repression by
black male employees and entrapment because Tisean is forced to work for enough
money just to be able to afford a babysitter.
On the other hand Boyz N the Hood is influenced more by
male rappers, ‘a forum…that says ‘Be a father to your child’’ (Baker, 1999, p.415),
in its representation of gender politics in the narrative and themes. The
character Doughboy is seen as being trapped because of a bad upbringing by a
single mother. He is taken to prison at
a young age as his mother flicks her cigarette to indicate her neglect and
uncaring attitude toward him. Tre is
brought up by a good strong father, however, and eventually breaks free of the
hoods entrapment. Women in the film are
seen as bad mothers, either unemployed and drug addicted, or studying and
employed as in the case of Tre’s mother, yet both types are unable to
discipline and teach their sons to be men.
Tre moves to his father’s house, learns his responsibilities as a man
and ends up at college. Therefore
Watkins (1998, p.222) argues:
Boyz reaffirms the idea
that single-parent fathering leads to
successful child development…while single-parent mothering…leads to unsuccessful
child development.
However patriarchy
is also upheld to some extent in Set it
Off, influenced by female rap, whose ‘lyrics sometimes affirm patriarchal
notions’ (Rose, 1994, p.148). The
character of Stony uses her boyfriend at the bank, and sells herself to
patriarchal values through her new dress he buys her. Soon after the couple become lovers. Rose argues of female rap, ‘Women are taking
advantage of the logic of heterosexual courtship in which men coax women into
submission with trinkets’ (Rose, 1994). The narrative of Set It Off ends ambiguously, on one hand Stony, who is the only one
of the four women to survive, is also the only one to have a heterosexual
relationship during the film. The other
three, career girl, single mother, and lesbian all die, indicating the need for
heterosexual relationships in order for black women to survive. On the other hand Stony is on her own at the
end of the film showing her to be independent because of her friends’ who
represent black women’s, sacrifices.
Rose (1994) also
argues that much Hip Hop by both men and women show signs of mistrust of the
opposite sex. Both films can be seen as
being influenced by ‘women’s raps that often display fears of loss of control
and betrayal at the hands of men’ (Rose, 1994, p.171). In Boyz
N the Hood, a scene where Tre argues with his girlfriend, Brandi, about
having sex clearly shows the feminist perspective. Brandi criticises Tre for wanting sex but not
marriage and tells him ‘Don’t touch me’.
However they then have sex suggesting a woman is right to share her
views, but preferably not deny sex.
Similarly in Set It Off, Stony
is forced into prostitution to get money from a businessman, cash she
desperately needs but cannot get any other way except by succumbing to the
demands of the male.
The iconography
and elements of the mise-en-scene are influenced by Hip hop culture in their
representation of gender politics in Boyz
N the Hood, and in Set It Off
where they are used to empower women to some extent and challenge typical
gender roles in Hip Hop culture.
Gangster film iconography, primarily guns and cars, have always been
shown in hip hop music and as a result in the ghetto film cycle too, mainly in
relation to men. However in Set It Off, it is mainly the women who
have the control of guns and cars. This
shows the influence of rap as ‘black female rap videos share a visual and
lyrical universe with male rapper’s work’ (Rose, 1994, p.166). Similarly the characters in each film share a
visual universe where men and women hang out on the streets
in their cars, carry guns, and use drugs.
However it can
also be argued that African-American cinema has had poor representations of
gender politics before Hip Hop emerged.
Ward (1998) describes the blaxploitation films of the 1970s as often
showing ‘images of cool black studs for whom sexual conquest of the…beauties
draped around the set like so many props was a powerful means of
self-affirmation’ (Ward, 1998, p.375). This
would seem to indicate not only poor representations of gender relations
between blacks in African-American cinema before the arrival of Hip-Hop, but
also that blaxploitation actually influenced modern Hip-Hop a great deal, as
confirmed by Tupac Shakur’s mother in the documentary, ‘Baaaadasssss Cinema’.
Nevertheless, in
conclusion I believe Hip Hop has influenced African-American cinema’s
representation of gender politics and generally not in a good way. However I think that this is largely due to
the pressures that black rap artists and filmmakers are under to appeal to the
demands of the mass audiences as Watkins (1998) suggests. ‘Blackness has been trapped in expressions of
the primitive, the physical body, violence’ (Guerrero, 1998, p.334) and this is
what Hollywood
and audiences want judging from the success of Boyz N the Hood and Set It
Off.
Read more:
Baker, H. (1999)
“You cain’t trus’it”: expert witnessing in the case of rap In: Carbado, D.
(ed.) Black men on race, gender and
sexuality: a critical reader. New York and
London. New York University Press.
Guerrero, E.
(1998) A circus of dreams and lies: the black film at middle age In: Lewis, J.
(ed.) The new American cinema. Durham and London.
Duke University Press.
hooks, b. (1993)
The oppositional gaze: black female spectators In: Diawara, M. (ed.) Black American cinema. London. Routledge.
Rose, T. (1994) Black noise: rap music and black culture in
contemporary America.
Middletown,
Conneticut. Wesleyan
University Press.
Ward, B. (1998) Just my soul responding. London. UCL Press.
Watkins, S. (1998)
Representing: Hip Hop culture and the
production of black cinema. Chicago and London. University of Chicago
Press.
